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Bioelectromagnetism

FIGURE 2.13 Various biomagnetic phenomena observed or used at diferent frequency (Hz) and magnetic fux

density (T)

Metals), Japan. It is a powerful permanent magnet (Sagawa et al., 1984). At the same time, a new power­

ful permanent magnet was invented and reported by General Motor Corporation, USA (Croat et al.,

1984). Te typical research developments will be introduced as magnetic-related phenomena; levitation

of diamagnetic materials and physical property changes of water and Moses efects.

In 1778, Sebald Justinus Brugmans (1763–1819), a Dutch botanist and physician, professor at Francker,

Botany at Leyden, the Netherlands, found frst a new form of magnetism. His observation was that

bismuth and antimony are repelled by a single pole of a magnet. Tis is the foundation of the science

of diamagnetism (Jackson, 2015; Mottelay, 1922). From other work source, his father, Anton Brugmans

(1732–1789), a Dutch physicist, had discovered a new form of magnetism, called diamagnetism (Küstler,

2007). Later, afer the observation of diamagnetism, Tomas Johan Seebeck (1770–1831), a German

physicist, Coulomb, and Alexandre Edmond Becquerel (1820–1891), a French physicist, had indicated

independently, in the frst third of the nineteenth century, the existence of a repulsive force exerted by

a magnet, which was later called diamagnetism. Tere were no further examinations. Without regard

to which of the Brugmans discovered frst diamagnetic materials, Michael Faraday presented at the

Royal Society conference on September 13, 1845, the discovery of magneto-optical efects in his labora­

tory (Faraday, 1846). Furthermore, he investigated the action of diferent substances to magnets. Te

substance investigations were included apples, cafeine, dried blood, sulfates, minerals, acids, uranium,

phosphorus, arsenic, diferent gases, etc. Faraday classifed the substances depending on their reaction

to the magnet. Te substances that move towards the magnet were called “magnetic” and the substances

that move away from the strong point of the magnet were called “diamagnetic” (Küstler, 2007). In 1847,

William Tomson theorized the feasibility of diamagnetic levitation (Tomson, 1847).